Really? Therapy with drugs? You’ve got to be kidding!” This was my reaction when I first heard about psychedelic-assisted therapy, otherwise known as “medicine work,” about 30 years ago.

Since then I’ve developed ever-increasing respect for this fast-emerging field. While many people have heard about the use of medical marijuana for help with anxiety, depression, insomnia and pain management, many don’t know about the use of MDMA for helping severe trauma victims or Ibogaine therapy for working with drug addiction.

This may be because of how research into their therapeutic effects has been complicated and slowed by their legal status and stigma. Most states view these substances as a risk to society and hence they are strictly regulated. Research is required to prove that the benefits they offer outweigh their risks. However, medical scientists are required to apply for special permits before they can conduct this research and these permits may not be forthcoming. Also, ethical concerns, as well as stigma, further hamper studies in their effects on humans.

Despite these obstacles, high-quality research continues, with some clinical and non-clinical trials offering promising evidence of potential positive therapeutic value. While there is still some way to go, it is heartening to hear reports of some participants experiencing remarkable change after undergoing psychedelic treatments (sometimes just one).

In this article, I will talk about some of the most popular “medicines” used in psychedelic-assisted therapy.

Psilocybin

Michael Pollan's bestselling book, 'How to Change Your Mind - What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression and Transcendence' has done a lot to educate and popularize this powerful plant medicine.

Here's what a recent article, 'Michael Pollan: Not So Fast on Psychedelic Mushrooms' in the New York Times had to say about psilocybin.

"Scientists at places such as Johns Hopkins, New York University, Harbor-U.C.L.A. Medical Center and Imperial College in London have conducted small but rigorous studies that suggest a single psilocybin trip guided by trained professionals has the potential to relieve 'existential distress' in cancer patients; break addictions to cigarettes, alcohol and cocaine; and bring relief to people struggling with depression. Psychiatry’s current drugs for treating these disorders are limited in their effectiveness, often addictive, address only symptoms and come with serious side effects, so the prospect of psychedelic medicine is raising hopes of a badly needed revolution in mental health care.

This might help explain why the Food and Drug Administration granted 'breakthrough therapy' status last year to psilocybin, which promises to speed its consideration as a treatment for depression. But the research also shows that psilocybin may have value for the rest of us: Studies have demonstrated that if properly administered, a psilocybin journey can have enduring, positive effects on the well-being and relative openness of 'healthy normals,' as researchers put it."

LSD

Psychedelic research has been around for a while, starting with LSD. From the 1950s through the early 1970s, therapists and researchers administered LSD to many thousands of people as a treatment for alcoholism, as well as for anxiety and depression in people with advanced-stage cancer. LSD is known for its ability to catalyse spiritual or mystical experiences and to facilitate feelings of interconnection. MAPS (Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies) has completed the first double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the therapeutic use of LSD in human beings since the early 1970s. Working with 12 subjects they found positive trends in reducing anxiety after just two LSD-assisted psychotherapy sessions. The study results also indicate that LSD assisted psychotherapy is safe. This is all good news and further research has been authorized in the USA.

Ibogaine

Ibogaine is a hallucinogenic compound derived from the roots of a West African shrub. Its application in the treatment of substance abuse disorders was pioneered by Howard Lotsof. In 1962, 19-year-old Lotsof found that just one dose of Ibogaine both interrupted his physiological dependence on heroin and took away his craving to use. All this with no withdrawal symptoms. Lotsof spent the rest of his life advocating for the development of Ibogaine as prescription medicine, without success. Current research is now taking place outside of the USA in places including Mexico and New Zealand, with preliminary results showing 20% to 50% of clients remaining free from their primary substance of abuse for at least 12 months. The use of Ibogaine for other conditions, such as Hepatitis C, Parkinson’s disease and Tourette syndrome, is also currently under investigation.

Ayahuasca

Ayahuasca is a South American psychedelic brew that is also being researched for its effects on drug addiction and PTSD. While it is legal in many parts of South America it is only legal in the USA if used for religious purposes (such as by the União do Vegetal or the Santo Daime churches). Despite this, Ayahuasca is still classified as a Schedule I controlled substance because of its principal active ingredient—DMT. Research is mostly outside of the USA and is still in preliminary stages, but it seems that Ayahuasca may well help address the effects of traumatic experiences and promote personal and spiritual insights. ⁷

Be warned: Ayahuasca is not without risks and deaths have been reported as well as physical and sexual assaults by self-proclaimed “shamans”.

MDMA / “Molly” / “Ecstasy”

MAPS is doing some interesting studies on MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)— otherwise known as “Molly” or “Ecstasy” – but in a very pure form and unadulterated. “We are studying whether MDMA-assisted psychotherapy can help heal the psychological and emotional damage caused by sexual assault, war, violent crime, and other traumas. We are also studying MDMA-assisted therapy for autistic adults with social anxiety and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for people with anxiety related to life-threatening illnesses.”

MDMA need only be taken a few times for shifts to occur. Furthermore, it is sufficiently safe in controlled laboratory settings where dose and frequency can be monitored. MAPS is funding clinical trials and hopes to get MDMA approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the next few years.

What role does psychotherapy play in medicine work?

While these powerful substances can open doors and facilitate new ways to process old traumas or rigid destructive patterns, the real work begins after “the journey.” How do you keep the door open without just reverting to past-conditioned patterns of behaviours, addictions and beliefs?

This is where psychotherapy can be particularly helpful; it can assist with the crucial next step of integrating the journey. It’s so important to make sense of the openings or insights you receive under the influence and to make room for the download of new information so this can take root in your being and inform new behaviours.

Peter Gorman, the author of Ayahuasca in My Blood, says it well. “If you think you’re just going to take ‘joy juice’ … you’re nuts,” explains the author and Ayahuasca expert, who settled in Iquitos, Peru, during the first wave of Ayahuasca tourism in the 1990s. “The five years of work to get rid of [mental trauma] is still gonna be on you.” Gorman, explains that Ayahuasca can help “dislodge that negative energy” and show people what their life could be like without the negativity. “[Then] you can go back home and work on getting rid of it.”

I like to make the analogy that psychotherapy is like going to the doctor while medicine work is like going to a surgeon. With the latter, you go in deep to rewire out-dated thought patterns and self-defeating behaviours, but afterwards, you still need your doctor to help you practice the new behaviours and make sense of new insights. It’s all too easy to fall back into old habits and patterns of behaviour and thinking. Having a safe space and trusted others to help you connect the dots and hold you accountable will allow the medicine to impact your relationships and life after the journey that much more effectively.

References

1 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/10/opinion/denver-mushrooms-psilocybin.html

2 https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/stories/mushrooms_quit_smoking.html

3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5367557/

4 http://www.maps.org/research/psilo-lsd

5 https://www.ibogainealliance.org/ibogaine/ Event Summary: 4th International Ibogaine Therapy Providers Conference. GITA. Durban, South Africa. May 2014.

6 http://www.maps.org/research/mdma

7 http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/22/health/ayahuasca-medicine-six-things/

8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5772431/

Really? Therapy with drugs? You’ve got to be kidding!” This was my reaction when I first heard about psychedelic-assisted therapy, otherwise known as “medicine work,” about 30 years ago.

Since then I’ve developed ever-increasing respect for this fast-emerging field. While many people have heard about the use of medical marijuana for help with anxiety, depression, insomnia and pain management, many don’t know about the use of MDMA for helping severe trauma victims or Ibogaine therapy for working with drug addiction.

This may be because of how research into their therapeutic effects has been complicated and slowed by their legal status and stigma. Most states view these substances as a risk to society and hence they are strictly regulated. Research is required to prove that the benefits they offer outweigh their risks. However, medical scientists are required to apply for special permits before they can conduct this research and these permits may not be forthcoming. Also, ethical concerns, as well as stigma, further hamper studies in their effects on humans.

Despite these obstacles, high-quality research continues, with some clinical and non-clinical trials offering promising evidence of potential positive therapeutic value. While there is still some way to go, it is heartening to hear reports of some participants experiencing remarkable change after undergoing psychedelic treatments (sometimes just one).

In this article, I will talk about some of the most popular “medicines” used in psychedelic-assisted therapy.

Psilocybin

Michael Pollan's bestselling book, 'How to Change Your Mind - What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression and Transcendence' has done a lot to educate and popularize this powerful plant medicine.

Here's what a recent article, 'Michael Pollan: Not So Fast on Psychedelic Mushrooms' in the New York Times had to say about psilocybin.

"Scientists at places such as Johns Hopkins, New York University, Harbor-U.C.L.A. Medical Center and Imperial College in London have conducted small but rigorous studies that suggest a single psilocybin trip guided by trained professionals has the potential to relieve 'existential distress' in cancer patients; break addictions to cigarettes, alcohol and cocaine; and bring relief to people struggling with depression. Psychiatry’s current drugs for treating these disorders are limited in their effectiveness, often addictive, address only symptoms and come with serious side effects, so the prospect of psychedelic medicine is raising hopes of a badly needed revolution in mental health care.

This might help explain why the Food and Drug Administration granted 'breakthrough therapy' status last year to psilocybin, which promises to speed its consideration as a treatment for depression. But the research also shows that psilocybin may have value for the rest of us: Studies have demonstrated that if properly administered, a psilocybin journey can have enduring, positive effects on the well-being and relative openness of 'healthy normals,' as researchers put it."

LSD

Psychedelic research has been around for a while, starting with LSD. From the 1950s through the early 1970s, therapists and researchers administered LSD to many thousands of people as a treatment for alcoholism, as well as for anxiety and depression in people with advanced-stage cancer. LSD is known for its ability to catalyse spiritual or mystical experiences and to facilitate feelings of interconnection. MAPS (Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies) has completed the first double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the therapeutic use of LSD in human beings since the early 1970s. Working with 12 subjects they found positive trends in reducing anxiety after just two LSD-assisted psychotherapy sessions. The study results also indicate that LSD assisted psychotherapy is safe. This is all good news and further research has been authorized in the USA.

Ibogaine

Ibogaine is a hallucinogenic compound derived from the roots of a West African shrub. Its application in the treatment of substance abuse disorders was pioneered by Howard Lotsof. In 1962, 19-year-old Lotsof found that just one dose of Ibogaine both interrupted his physiological dependence on heroin and took away his craving to use. All this with no withdrawal symptoms. Lotsof spent the rest of his life advocating for the development of Ibogaine as prescription medicine, without success. Current research is now taking place outside of the USA in places including Mexico and New Zealand, with preliminary results showing 20% to 50% of clients remaining free from their primary substance of abuse for at least 12 months. The use of Ibogaine for other conditions, such as Hepatitis C, Parkinson’s disease and Tourette syndrome, is also currently under investigation.

Ayahuasca

Ayahuasca is a South American psychedelic brew that is also being researched for its effects on drug addiction and PTSD. While it is legal in many parts of South America it is only legal in the USA if used for religious purposes (such as by the União do Vegetal or the Santo Daime churches). Despite this, Ayahuasca is still classified as a Schedule I controlled substance because of its principal active ingredient—DMT. Research is mostly outside of the USA and is still in preliminary stages, but it seems that Ayahuasca may well help address the effects of traumatic experiences and promote personal and spiritual insights. ⁷

Be warned: Ayahuasca is not without risks and deaths have been reported as well as physical and sexual assaults by self-proclaimed “shamans”.

MDMA / “Molly” / “Ecstasy”

MAPS is doing some interesting studies on MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)— otherwise known as “Molly” or “Ecstasy” – but in a very pure form and unadulterated. “We are studying whether MDMA-assisted psychotherapy can help heal the psychological and emotional damage caused by sexual assault, war, violent crime, and other traumas. We are also studying MDMA-assisted therapy for autistic adults with social anxiety and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for people with anxiety related to life-threatening illnesses.”

MDMA need only be taken a few times for shifts to occur. Furthermore, it is sufficiently safe in controlled laboratory settings where dose and frequency can be monitored. MAPS is funding clinical trials and hopes to get MDMA approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the next few years.

What role does psychotherapy play in medicine work?

While these powerful substances can open doors and facilitate new ways to process old traumas or rigid destructive patterns, the real work begins after “the journey.” How do you keep the door open without just reverting to past-conditioned patterns of behaviours, addictions and beliefs?

This is where psychotherapy can be particularly helpful; it can assist with the crucial next step of integrating the journey. It’s so important to make sense of the openings or insights you receive under the influence and to make room for the download of new information so this can take root in your being and inform new behaviours.

Peter Gorman, the author of Ayahuasca in My Blood, says it well. “If you think you’re just going to take ‘joy juice’ … you’re nuts,” explains the author and Ayahuasca expert, who settled in Iquitos, Peru, during the first wave of Ayahuasca tourism in the 1990s. “The five years of work to get rid of [mental trauma] is still gonna be on you.” Gorman, explains that Ayahuasca can help “dislodge that negative energy” and show people what their life could be like without the negativity. “[Then] you can go back home and work on getting rid of it.”

I like to make the analogy that psychotherapy is like going to the doctor while medicine work is like going to a surgeon. With the latter, you go in deep to rewire out-dated thought patterns and self-defeating behaviours, but afterwards, you still need your doctor to help you practice the new behaviours and make sense of new insights. It’s all too easy to fall back into old habits and patterns of behaviour and thinking. Having a safe space and trusted others to help you connect the dots and hold you accountable will allow the medicine to impact your relationships and life after the journey that much more effectively.

References

1 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/10/opinion/denver-mushrooms-psilocybin.html

2 https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/stories/mushrooms_quit_smoking.html

3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5367557/

4 http://www.maps.org/research/psilo-lsd

5 https://www.ibogainealliance.org/ibogaine/ Event Summary: 4th International Ibogaine Therapy Providers Conference. GITA. Durban, South Africa. May 2014.

6 http://www.maps.org/research/mdma

7 http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/22/health/ayahuasca-medicine-six-things/

8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5772431/